SAN FRANCISCO Men's Supreme X Nike Air More Uptempo Gold Sale , April 20 (Xinhua) -- A new study offers direct,genetic evidence for the hypothesis that early mammals werenocturnal.


The study, to be published Friday in Scientific Reports, isbased on examinations of night-vision genes in many mammals andreptiles, including snakes, alligators, mice, platypuses andhumans.


Using what they know about how those animals are related, theresearchers led by Liz Hadly, professor of biology at StanfordUniversity and senior author on the paper, figured out when intheir evolutionary histories the function of these genes wasenhanced.


Mammals and reptiles share a common ancestor, with the earliestmammal-like animals appearing in the Late Triassic about 200million years ago.


Fossil evidence suggests that early mammals had excellenthearing and sense of smell and were likely also warm-blooded. Allof these features are common in their descendants, the livingmammals, most of whom are nocturnal.


To trace the evolution of nocturnality, the researchers studiedgenes that the lead author, visiting scholar Yonghua Wu, hadpreviously found associated with night vision in certain birds,such as owls.


From this, they deduced that the earliest common ancestor didnot have good night vision and was instead active during theday.


However, soon after the split, mammals began enhancing theirnight vision genes, allowing them to begin to roam at night, thusavoiding the reptiles that hunted during the day.


"Early mammals coexisted with early reptiles in the Age of theDinosaurs and somehow escaped extinction," Wu was quoted as sayingin a news release. "This research further supports the hypothesisthat diurnal reptiles, such as lizards, snakes and their relatives,competed with mammals and may have led them to better adapt to dimlight conditions."


In the millions of years that have elapsed since mammals andreptiles diverged, natural selection and evolution haven't stopped.Not all mammals are still nocturnal.


Some groups of mammals have reoccupied the day, adapting invarious ways to daylight activity. Besides humans, these animalsinclude cheetahs, pikas, camels and elephants.


"Understanding the constant pressure to get better at seeing theworld at night for over 100 million years is a beautiful way ofthinking about evolution," Hadly said. "We think of it as somethingsimple -- seeing in the light or the dark -- but these genes arebeing constantly refined and altered by natural selection."


The methods used by these researchers could be applied todifferent areas of the animal evolutionary tree to learn more aboutthe evolution of vision, including how humans made the switch tobright-light vision. "It's a very powerful way of corroborating astory that has been, up to now, only hypothesized," Hadly said.Enditem


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